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Great Filter: put a number on it or sit down
Order-of-magnitude sketch, not a paper.
Stars in the galaxy ~ 10^11. Fraction with planets: ~1. Fraction in habitable-ish zone over Gyr: 10^-1 to 1. If abiogenesis is not vanishingly rare, we should expect a lot of kitchens. Intelligence plus expansion is the expensive line item.
Either n_civilization is tiny, lifetime is short, or expansion is blocked. Pick a decade and a probability. 'It's complicated' is not a model.
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